The recovery of one Quad type point (ca. 8500-7900 B.C.) (Justice 1987:36) from the western edge of the terrace revealed that the Clampitt site had been occupied as early as the late Paleoindian period. Evidence of continual reoccupations was revealed in the numerous Archaic and Woodland types of points which were found during each seasons of excavation ( Plate 7 ). Of particular note were the high frequencies of Merom-Trimble and triangular points which indicated that the heaviest occupations of the site took place during the Late Archaic, Riverton" period (ca. 1600-1000 B.C. (Justice 1987: 130)) and again during the Oliver phase settlement (ca. A.D.1250-1400).
The triangular projectile points from the Clampitt site conformed most closely to the Madison type (Justice 1987:224-227). Generally these points have straight to slightly incurvate sides and straight to slightly convex bases (see Plate 8 ). A sample of 45 points (containing both complete specimens and bases) was selected for a closer examination. Data pertaining to the morphological attributes of these points are summarized in Appendix F.
In form, the Clampitt site triangular points are most similar to materials recovered from Fort Ancient sites in the Middle Ohio River Valley. Amy Bailey of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory classified the Clampitt site points according to a typology established by Jimmy Railey for Kentucky Fort Ancient points (Railey 1991). Sixty-nine percent (n=31) of the points in the sample conformed to either Railey's Type 2 ("Flared Base") or Type S ("Straight Sided") forms. Noticeably absent were points of the Type 3 ("Coarsely Serrated") variety (Bailey 1993) (Figure 34). These points are analogous to the well-known Fort Ancient type which is distinguished by deeply serrated edges (Justice 1987:227-228). In the context of the point serration developed by Railey, the Type 3 points were assigned to the Middle Fort Ancient period (ca. A.D. 1200 1400) and were bracketed in time by the Type 2 (early) and Type 5 (late) forms (Railey 1991).
The presence of both Type 2 and Type 5 points in the Clampitt assemblage seem to place the Oliver phase occupation in the Middle Fort Ancient time frame. However, the lack of the classic Fort Ancient point type (i.e. Type 3) in the Clampitt site sample and its general absence from most documented Oliver phase assemblages (cf. Dorwin 1971; Redmond 1993a, 1993b), provided evidence of regional variability among late prehistoric chipped stone tool technologies within the Middle Ohio River drainage basin.
. As part of an investigation of lithic raw material utilization during the Oliver phase, the sample of triangular points used in the typological analysis were examined by Donald Schmidt, an archaeology student, with the assistance of Noel D. Justice (Curator of Collections, GBL) (Schmidt 1993). Each projectile point was examined macroscopically in an effort to identify the kinds of cherts used in their manufacture. Identifications were made using an extensive chert reference collection housed at the Glenn A. Black Laboratory as well as published descriptions of southern Indiana lithic resources contained in the archaeological literature (Munson et al. 1983; Munson and Munson 1984; Cantin 1989). The source areas for each chert type were identified using provenience information archived with the laboratory reference collection and these data were supplemented with information derived from a 1989 study by Cantin (Schmidt 1993). The results of this analysis are presented in Table 3 and are graphically illustrated in Figure 35.
The triangular point sample was dominated by fossiliferous cherts known as Haney, Harrodsburg, Ramp Creek and an unidentified variety, and, as a group, these cherts comprised 73.3% of the point sample. These materials were difficult to distinguish macroscopically and have been rated as poor to medium in terms of flaking quality (Munson et al. 1983). In contrast, high quality, non-fossiliferous materials like Indian Creek and Wyandotte were rare (4.4%). Bryantsville chert was a significant component of the sample (11.1%) even though it has been characterized as unsatisfactory for flaking (Munson and Munson 1984: 155156).
Following the identification of raw material types, the points were classified according to relative proximity to their respective source areas. Following the method of Munson and Munson (1984), chert source locations were defined as "local", if they were situated less than 3.0 km from the Clampitt site, "semi-local", if they were between 3.0 and 30.0 km away, or "foreign", if the raw material source exceeded 30.0 km in distance. These somewhat arbitrary catchments proved useful for gauging the relative costs of raw material procurement; the underlying assumptions being that chert resources were obtained directly by inhabitants of the site (and not received in exchange from other groups) and that the greater the distance to the lithic source, the greater the expenditure of energy (as well as time and risk) required to procure the raw material. An added benefit of such an approach was the ability to evaluate the relative "mobility" of the population in respect to lithic procurement.
The resulting breakdown of material types by relative proximity is listed in Table 4 and is illustrated in Figure 36. Nearly half (44.4%) of the triangular points in the sample were made from semi-local cherts (primarily Haney and Bryantsville). Cherts that were derived from distinct sources were the next most common grouping of lithic types at 24.4%. Points made from Ramp Creek chert made up only 17.8% of the sample and comprised the only locally available material present in the sample. A total of six points (13.3% of the sample) could not be reliably affiliated with any known chert source location; however, five of these points were made of highly fossiliferous materials.
The relatively high proportion of triangular points consisting of so- called foreign materials is potentially deceptive when it is revealed that nine of these eleven points were sourced to the Harrodsburg outcrops located just over 30 km north of the Clampitt site. The apparently strong macroscopic resemblances between fossiliferous cherts of this area raises the possibility that at least some of the "foreign" Harrodsburg triangular points were derived from the more local Ramp Creek source areas. The same may be said for the points manufactured from unidentified, fossiliferous cherts. If this was the case, then the proportional representation of locally available raw materials in the Clampitt site point assemblage may be as high as 37.9% of the total. Results such as these indicate that the inhabitants of the Clampitt site most frequently traveled within a 30.0 km radius of their home to obtain chert for projectile point manufacture, and, therefore were not "highly" mobile in at least this one aspect of their extractive behavior.
Chipped stone scrapers consisted of thin, unifacial endscrapers of variable size. All but one of these were recovered from surface or plowzone context and, consequently, may represent Archaic, rather than late prehistoric, versions of this tool type. Most drills were represented by cylindrical tips but were missing their bases. So-called "hafted" endscrapers, which were manufactured from used projectile points, were recovered. Most were derived from Late Archaic point forms; however, two examples were fashioned from crude triangular bifaces ( Plate 9 ).
The remainder of the chipped stone tool assemblage included a variety of lightly retouched flake tools (i.e. "gravers", "perforators", and scrapers) and crudely chipped "spokeshaves" (see Plate 9 ). Bifaces of all kinds were common and ranged in form from crude, heavily flaked varieties to thin, well-worked "blanks", "preforms", or "celts" of unknown cultural affiliation.
Except for finished projectile points, the chipped stone tool assemblage from the Clampitt site was rather crudely made and non- specialized. Although not yet quantified, nearly all the chipped stone artifacts (of all time periods) were manufactured from local fossiliferous cherts. Many of these artifacts showed evidence of heat-alteration which most likely represent attempts to improve the flaking quality of the raw material.
