THE OHIO VALLEY-GREAT LAKES ETHNOHISTORY
ARCHIVES: THE MIAMI COLLECTION
It is noted that the following work from the Miami Archives should be read and
considered within the historical context in which it was composed and printed.
The opinions expressed and the language used do not reflect the opinions or
standards of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, but are, rather,
indicative of thought in that historical moment during which the document was
published.
(Due to length divided here into five
parts)
Par, Rev. George and Quaife, Milo M., eds. in:
The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
vol. 18, pp. 201-239.
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(page 209) of may I priest of the society of jesus missionary at the river St Joseph baptized Marie joseph daughter of Sieur Estienne De Villedonne captain of a company of the marine detachment and at present commanding for the king in the said post of the river St Joseph and of Dame Francoise Roussel native of Kebec. the godparents were Pierre Estienne De Ville donne and Marguerite Kouk wife of Sieur Masse who declared they could not sign
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De Villedonne |
J. C. Guymonneau |
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in September 1724 I baptized on the 29th a little girl from the lodge10 of Donakantape saki who died a few days after and
named her at baptism Joseph Michel
item at the end of October or the beginning of november a little boy from the
lodge of chibanagonpu who died soon after 1724
item in 1724 a little child son of meskak named charles
item in december on the day of St Thomas11 the
apostle ( ) ( ) ( ) named thomas at baptism and died soon after
item the 13th of may 1725 I baptized a son of Keia named Jos.(at his) baptism
who died soon after being only 5 or 6 months old12
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In the year 1725 this 26th of august I, C M Mesaiger13 Priest of the society of Jesus and missionary at the french fort of the river St Joseph, baptized marie magdelaine daughter of claude collet soldier in a company of the marine detachment and of marguerite faucher married in the eyes of the church, born this same day. The godfather was Sieur nicolas antoine coulon14 son of Mr de Villiers commandant and the godmother (page 210) marie Joseph collet native of the said place who declared she could not sign
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C M Mesaiger J M J |
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Coulon |
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In the year 1726 I baptized on the 31st of april15 and named vital a son of oucheaghibi about three years old who appeared dangerously ill.
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C M Mesaiger J M J |
item on the 17th of august a child of Sakakonin born prematurely named
laurent
item of the 19th a son of matchinamere about 2 years old and sick named laurent
item on the 23 of june brother haren16 baptized
a son of goulontgi about a year and a half old and named him jean baptiste. he
died
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C M Mesaiger J M J |
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In the year 1726 this 30 of november I, C M Mesaiger Pr. of the society . . .
(page 212) ment and of Susanne menard married in the eyes of the church, born the day before the 22 of the same month. the godfather was Sieur Louis de la plante cadet in the marine detachment and the godmother Catherine ouekioukoue wife of jean baptiste baron voyageur from the parish of boucherville and at present settled in this post who declared she could not sign
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C M Mesaiger m of the S. of jesus |
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Laplante |
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In the year 1729 the 7th of March I J. bap. Chardon19 priest and missionary of the society of Jesus at the river St. Joseph baptized Joseph son of Jean baptiste Baron voyageur from the parish of boucherville at present settled in this post and of Marie Catherine 8ekioukoue Married in the eye of the church, baptized the 8th of March the day following his birth. the godfather was Mr. Louis-coulon de Villiers junior20 and the Godmother Marie Rheaume daughter of Sieur Jean baptiste Rheaume interpreter and of Simphorose ouaouagoukoue married in the eyes of the church.
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J. B. Chardon M. of the soc. of Jesus |
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Louis de villier |
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marie reaume |
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item the 21st Sept. a daughter of (a person named) ouistouia or ( ) from the
potawatami village whom I named marie
(page 213)
the 23 of Sept I baptized a child of the
chikabe family named ( ) from the Saki village. he died
the 25th of Sept I baptized a child of the ( ) family named fremin
the 3rd of october I baptized a daughter of nenaoussika a potawatami and of
namouetam an ottawa woman and named her angelique
In the year 1730 1 baptized a dying child of the white cat21
and named him pierre, the 29th of June. He died the next day
The 14th of July I baptized an illinois girl in the lodge of the same white cat
and named her marie marte
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In the year 1730 the 1st of ( ) I, C M Mesaiger priest and missionary of the society of jesus at the river St joseph, baptized ( ) son of gabriel bolon ( ) of the marine detachment and of (Susanne Menard married together in the eyes) of the church. (The godfather was) Sieur jacques ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) the godmother (Charlotte Chevallier) wife of Sieur des haitres blacksmith of this post
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C M Mesaiger miss. of the society of jesus |
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charlotte chevalier |
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In the year 1730 the 25th of november I, C M Mesaiger priest and missionary of the society of jesus at the river St joseph, baptized Susanne daughter of Jean baptiste baron resident at the River St joseph and of marie Catherine ouekeoukoue of the illinois nation married in the eyes of the church, born the night before The godfather was Mr. coulon de villiers esquire seigneur of verchere and commanding for the king in this post. The godmother Susanne menard wife of Gabriel Bolon belonging to the garrison of this post who declared (she could not sign)
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C M Mesaiger J miss of the soc. of Jesus |
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Coulon de Villiers |
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In the year 1731 the 13th of January I, C M Mesaiger priest and missionary of the society of jesus at the river St joseph, baptized marie catherine daughter of augustin larchevesque of quebec settled here and of marie rheaume married in the eyes of the church, born (the night be fore) the 12th. The godfather was (Nico)las coulon de villiers command- (page 214) ing (for the king in this post) and the godmother catherine ouekioukoue wife of jean baptiste baron
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C M Mesaiger miss of the soc. of jesus |
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In the year 1731 I, C M Mesaiger priest and Missionary of the river St joseph, baptized this 26th of January Louis son of antoine Deshestres22 born in new england and at present resident and blacksmith in this post and of charlotte chevalier married in the eyes of the church, born the night before The Godfather was Mr Louis Coulon De villiers esquire and cadet in the troops of his majesty. The godmother marie Rheaume wife of Augustin L'archevesque
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villiers |
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C M Mesaiger missionary of the |
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society of jesus |
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The nineteenth of September 1734 I supplied the ceremonies of Baptism to Marie Caterine deshetres daughter of (Augustin Deshetres and of) Charlote Chevalie his wife, born the eighth ( ) ( ) the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty two and baptized (in the absence) of the missionary. The godfather was Sieur Louis ( ) d'amours Sieur de Clignencour23 and the godmother Marie wife of baron voyageur
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St. P of the soc. of Jesus |
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Clignencour |
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The nineteenth of September 1734 I supplied the ceremonies of Baptism to Marguerite born the twentieth of december one thousand seven hundred and thirty three and baptized in the absence of the missionary, daughter of Jean B. Baron and of Marie his wife. The godfather was Sieur Pierre Gamelin Maugras and the godmother charlotte Chevalier who signed
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St. P of the soc. of jesus |
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Maugras charlotte chevalier wife of (Deshetres) |
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The 25th of July 1735 I supplied the ceremonies of baptism to Marie anne Deshetres24 daughter of antoine Deshetres and of charlotte Chevallier his wife born the sixth of October of the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty four and baptized in the absence of the missionary by the commandant. The godfather was Rene Bourassa25 and the godmother Marie Anne Chevallier
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J. L. De la Pierre26 of the soc. of Jesus |
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Rene Bourassa |
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The 11th day of september 1735 I supplied the ceremonies of baptism to Angelique Larche daughter of Augustin Larche and of Marie Reaume his wife, born the 31st of december of the year 1734 and baptized in the absence of the missionary by Mr Du Muy27 commander of the fort of the River St Joseph. The godfather was Sieur Louis Gatino28 and the godmother Charlotte Chevalier
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Gastineau |
charlotte wife of de haitre |
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J. L. De La Pierre miss Jesuit |
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The 29th of august I baptized a daughter of 8elamek named who died two days after her baptism
The 21st of June 1738 I supplied the ceremonies of holy Baptism to Louis de Gonzague legitimate son of Antoine des hetres and of Charlotte Chevalier his wife born the 13th of the month of august 1736 and baptized the 15th of the same mouth in the absence of the missionary by Mr de lusignan29 commander of the post, the said Mr de lusignan was his godfather and Charlotte Robert jeanne wife of francois menard the godmother. Done at the River St Joseph the year and day as above
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Pr. du jaunay30 miss of the soc. of Jesus |
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Lusignan |
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antoine de haitre |
marie charlotte rober janne |
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The same day I supplied the ceremonies of Holy baptism to Marie Charles legitimate daughter of augustin l'archevesque and of marie Reaume his wife, born the 22nd of november of the year 1736 and baptized the 23rd of the month by Mr de lusignan commander of the post in the absence of the missionary. the godfather was Mr. alexis de Langis esquire and the godmother charlotte chevalier wife of deshetres. done at the river St Joseph this 21st of june 1738
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chev de langis |
Pr. du jaunay miss. of the soc. of jesus |
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charlotte chevalie |
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The twenty first of june one thousand seven hundred and thirty eight I supplied the ceremonies of Holy baptism to Louis Francois legitimate son (page 217) of francois menard interpreter in this post and of charlotte Robert jeanne his wife, born the twenty fifth of june of the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty seven and baptized the same day by Me De lusignan commanding for the King in this post. the godfather was the said Mr. Paul Louis d'asmard esquire, Seigneur de Lusignan in the bay of Missi(skouy) in lake champlain, Lieutenant in the troops of the marine detachment and the godmother Susanne menard wife of Sieur Bolon. done at the river St joseph the year and day as above
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Lusignan |
p. du jaunay miss. of the soc. of jesus |
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francois menard |
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The same day the twenty first day of the month of june of the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty eight I supplied the ceremonies of Holy baptism to antoine hyacinthe legitimate son of antoine des hetres and of charlotte chevalier his wife, born the fifteenth of october one thousand seven hundred and thirty seven and baptized the same day by Mr. de Lusignan commandant of the post. The godfather was Mr. Louis Amelin31 and the godmother catherine l'archevesque daughter of Sieur l'archevesque residing in this post. done at the River St joseph the twenty first (day of the month of june) one thousand seven hundred and thirty eight
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Louis Hamelin |
p. du jaunay miss. of the soc. of Jesus |
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antoine de haitre |
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The same day the twenty first day of the month of june of the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty eight I administered the ceremonies of Holy baptism to marie Marguerite legitimate daughter of gabriel Bolon and of Susanne menard his wife, born the twenty second of march of the present year and baptized the same day by Mr. de Lusignan commandant of the post; the godfather was Mr. Louis Amelin and the god mother charlotte Robert jeanne wife of francois menard. Done at the River St joseph the year and day as above
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p. du jaunay miss. of the soc. of jesus |
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Louis hamelin |
robert janne wife of menard |
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The 24th day of the month of april one thousand seven hundred and 40 I supplied the ceremonies of Holy baptism to marie Susanne legitimate (page 218) daughter of gabriel bolon and of Susanne mainard his wife, born the nineteenth day of the month of january of the same year her godfather was gabriel bolon her brother and her godmother marie louise bolon her sister. in testimony thereof I have signed jan baptiste Lamorinie32 of the society of jesus missionary at the river St. joseph. the godparents not knowing how to sign made a cross
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baullon ( ) ( ) ( ) |
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In the year one thousand seven hundred and forty the 25th of april I the undersigned jan baptiste Lamorinie priest of the society of jesus and missionary at the mission of the River St joseph supplied the ceremonies of Holy baptism to the daughter of Mr. augustin larchevesque and of marie magdelaine reaume married, aged 21 months and 8 days to whom was given the name of marie anne, her godfather was Monsieur nicolas Coulon de Villiers commander of the post and the godmother Marie Josephte Esther Larchevesque33 in testimony thereof I signed jan Baptiste Lamorinie Missionary of the society of jesus at the mission of the river St joseph
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Coulon de Villiers |
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cher de langis |
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the godmother made a cross |
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marie madelene |
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In the year one thousand seven hundred and forty the twenty eighth of april I the undersigned jan Baptiste Lamorinie priest of the society of jesus and missionary at the present time at the mission of the river St joseph baptized the slave girl of Monsieur Larche of the panise nation ( ) 13 years old and named marie jeanne. she had for godfather Jean Le faivre voyageur and for godmother marie magdelaine Reaume married to Sieur Larche and they signed with me
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jean baptiste Lamorinie priest of the |
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Benoist witness |
society of jesus |
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jean le faivre |
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marie madelaine |
In the year one thousand seven hundred and forty one I jan Baptiste Lamorinie priest of the Society of jesus and at present missionary at the mission of the river St joseph on this day the 29th of june supplied the ceremonies of baptism to marie amable daughter of Mr augustin Larchevesque and of marie magdelaine reaume his wife. the godfather was Mr. Claude Cavon and the godmother Charlote robert wife of Sieur francois mainard, interpreter in the said post. the said child had been baptized by Monsieur nicolas Coulon viliers Commandant of the said place the twenty seventh of july of the year one thousand seven hundred and forty. the said gentleman having certified ( ) I supplied the lack of ceremonies and signed
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Jean Baptiste Lamorinie of the soc. |
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signed with me |
of jesus |
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Claude Cavon |
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marie charlotte rober jane |
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wife of fransoit menard |
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In the year one thousand seven hundred and forty the 27th of june was born Charles joseph mainard, son of Monsieur francois mainard interpreter at the post of the River St joseph and of Charlote janne robert, who was baptized by Monsieur Charles benoist because he seemed to be in danger of death as the said monsieur certified to me and the 29th of june of the year one thousand seven hundred and forty one I supplied the usual ceremonies in such a case. his godfather was Monsieur Charles benoist and the godmother Marie magdelaine reaume wife of Sieur augustin Larche residing in the said post and for this I signed
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jean Baptiste Lamorinie e soc jesu |
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Charles Benoist |
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marie madelene la larche |
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In the year one thousand seven hundred and forty one the seventeenth Day of July we certify that marie francoise daughter of Jean B. panis and of 8oi( ) her father and mother was buried in the church of this mission after having been baptized by the Rev. Father Lamorinie the 12th of this said month. in testimony thereof we signed these presents to give this record legal force. done at the River St Joseph the (said) 17th of July 1741.34
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F. Benoist |
In the year one thousand seven hundred and forty two the 24 of (march) Holy
Saturday, I solemnly Baptized a panise belonging to Mr de quindre
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10 The word employed in the original manuscript is cabane. George Par.
11 The feast of St. Thomas is December 31.
12 Although this entry is unsigned, the handwriting is that of Father Mesaiger. George Par.
13 Charles Michel Mesaiger was born at Paris, March 7, 1689 (the date 1690 is also given). He entered the Jesuit order in September, 1706, and came to Canada in 1720. From 1721 to 1733 he was stationed at Mackinac, from which place he accompanied La Verendrye on his search for the western sea. He was back at Montreal in the spring of 1733, and from 1736 to 1741 was teaching at Quebec. In 1749 he returned to France, and died at Rouen, Aug. 7, 1766.
14 Nicolas Antoine Coulon de Villiers came from France to Canada as a youth, prior to the end of the year 1700. He entered the army, being promoted lieutenant in 1715 and captain in 1733. He assumed command of St. Joseph in 1724, and in the summer of 1730 engineered the notable defeat of the Foxes, southwest of Chicago. For this exploit he was given his captaincy and thereupon sent to command the post at Green Bay. Upon his arrival he became embroiled with the Sauk tribe and by them was slain, Sept. 16, 1733.
Villiers married, about the end of 1705, Anglique Jarret de Verchres. She survived her husband about a year, dying at Montreal in 1734. They had a large family of children, several of whom are notable in the history of New France. See Amde Gosselin, Notes Sur La Famille Coulon de Villiers (Levis, 1906).
Nicolas Antoine Coulon de Villiers, the godfather of the present document, was the eldest son of the foregoing and was born June 25, 1708. Apparently his military career began at St. Joseph, as a mere boy, while his father was commandant of that post. In 1730 on the defeat of the Foxes by forces under his father's command, the latter selected him to convey the news of the victory to Canada. He accompanied his father to Green Bay in 1733, and after the latter was killed there, he rallied a force which pursued the Sauk and fought a battle with them at the place still known as Buttes des Morts. He succeeded to the command at Green Bay. He was again at St. Joseph, this time as commandant, from 1740-42. Prior to the autumn of 1743 he returned to Quebec, where on Oct. 7, he married Marie Anne Tarieu de la Prade, widow of Sieur Ttu de la Richarderie. He resided at Quebec until the summer of 1746, when he joined an expedition to Acadia, and in February, 1747, led the brilliant attack upon a superior English force at Grand Pr, which resulted in its capitulation. In this affair de Villiers was severely wounded, and in the hope of promoting his recovery he journeyed to France, where he remained two years. For his exploit at Grant Pr he was made major of Three Rivers and chevalier of Saint Louis. Returning from Europe, he served as major of Three Rivers until his death in the spring of 1750. He was buried at Quebec, April 4 of this year. Information adapted from Gosselin, op. cit.
15 This may mean May 1. The three items which follow this entry seem to comprise jottings set down at a later date. The two August baptisms, it will be noted, precede that of June 23. George Par.
16 In a letter of Nov. 5, 1711, from Father Germain to the superior general it is stated that there is one mission among the Ottawa, at Mackinac, attended by Father Marest and Chardon and a brother coadjutor, named Haran. See Jesuit Relations (Thwaites Ed.), LXVI, 207.
19 Jean Baptiste Chardon was born at Bordeaux, April 27, 1651, and entered the Jesuit order in September, 1687. He came to Canada in 1699, and two years later joined the western mission with headquarters at Mackinac, although he traveled widely. He was at Green Bay for some time, and in 1705 was stationed among the Miami at St. Joseph. He was at Green Bay again in 1721, and in 1722 replaced Father Marest as Superior at Mackinac. In 1733 he was back at Montreal, and from 1735 to 1743 was registered as infirme et senex at Quebec. Here he died, April 11, 1743. He was held in high esteem by Bishop de Pontbriand, who came to his deathbed to seek his blessing.
20 Louis Coulon de Villiers was born August 10, 1710. In later life he was known as "Le Grand Villiers." He was with his father at Fort St. Joseph, as the present entry shows, and was probably, although not certainly, with him at Green Bay in 1733. He accompanied Longeuil on the Chickasaw expedition in 1739, and was with his brother, Nicolas Antoine, on the Acadian expedition of 1746-47. From 1750-53 he was commandant at Fort Miami. He returned to Montreal, where he married in December, 1753, and the next year was on the upper Ohio, where he "avenged" the death of his brother, Joseph, at the hands of George Washington by forcing that officer to surrender Fort Necessity. He commanded Fort Niagara in 1755, and distinguished himself in the capture of Oswego in 1756 and the campaign of Fort William Henry in 1757. He died of smallpox, Nov. 2, 1757, and was buried in the Cathedral at Quebec. See Gosselin, op. cit.
21 The White Cat was a noted Sauk chief who resided, in this period, at St. Joseph. In 1724 he had been utilized as an agent by the French commandant (Villedonn) in an effort to establish peace between the Foxes and the Illinois. In 1735, at the time of De Noyelles' expedition against the Foxes, he seems again to have essayed the role of peacemaker. In 1736 he was living somewhere on the upper Mississippi, and was still endeavoring to bring about a peace between the French and the Foxes. On documents printed in Wis. Hist. Colls., XVI and XVII, passim.
22 Antoine Deshtres was gunsmith as well as blacksmith. His New England birth, here noted, may indicate that he was one of the many captives carried to Canada by French and Indian raiding parties. He married Mary Charlotte Chevalier dit Chesne, who was born at Montreal in 1710, daughter of Jean Baptiste Chevalier and Marie Franoise Alavoine. In 1751 Antonie Deshtres settled at the Northeast Coast of Detroit (vicinity of modern Grosse Pointe), where his descendants were living at a comparatively recent date. See Denissen, Detroit genealogies, ms. in Burton Hist. Collection.
23 Louis D'amours, Sieur de Cligancourt, was born in 1699, married in 1730, and died in 1753. He was at Green Bay as early as 1726. In 1747 he, with two associates, leased from the governor of Montreal the privilege of "farming, " or exploiting, the trade of Green Bay. See documents printed in Wis. Hist. Colls., XVII, 452 and XVIII, 7-10.
24 Marie Anne Deshtres married at Detroit, May 8, 1754, Jean Baptiste Lienard dit Durbois. They lived at the Northeast Coast of Detroit, where five children were born to them in the period 1755-61. See Denissen, op. cit.
25 Ren Bourassa the elder, probably the godfather of the present document, was born at Laprairie, Dec. 21, 1688, and was married there in 1710 to Agnes Gagnier. He engaged in the northwest trade, and as the present document shows was at St. Joseph as early as 1735. In 1721 he married (second) Marie Catherine Leriger, daughter of Sieur de la Plante of the army. A son of the first marriage was Ren Bourassa the younger, born at Laprairie, June 1, 1718, who married at Mackinac, August 3, 1744, Charlotte Veronica Chevalier. About the year 1765 he removed to Detroit, where most of his children married and where he was buried, Nov. 24, 1792. A daughter of the second marriage was Charlotte Ambroise Bourassa, born June 14, 1735, who in 1754 married at Mackinac the half-breed, Charles de Langlade, the notable partisan leader in the Seven Years' and Revolutionary wars. Denissen, op. cit.
26 Jean Louis de la Pierre was born at Hennebout in Brittany, Feb. 10, 1704. He entered the Jesuit order in 1724 and came to Canada in the summer of 1734. He returned to France between the years 1746 and 1749, and died after 1756, in which year he was serving at Caen.
27 In his preliminary annotation Mr. Viger has erroneously written this name as De Puy. Jacques Pierre Daneau, Sieur de Muy, the son of a noted Canadian officer was born in 1695 and married at Montreal, Jan. 30, 1725, Louise Genevieve Dauteuil. Although a soldier and a chevalier of the order of St. Louis, he was a man of scholarly tastes, and while commandant at St. Joseph made a close study of the plant life of the region and on returning to France in 1736 he carried with him a large collection of specimens to be analyzed for their medicinal properties. He returned to Canada and was subsequently appointed commandant at Detroit, where he died, May 18, 1758. The priest recorded in the Ste. Anne church record that "he died after having received the sacraments with all the piety that we could desire, at the end of a life that was always most useful." See sketch in Mich. Pio. Colls., XXXIV, 334-35.
28 Louis Gastineau was one of the earliest residents of Detroit, having been engaged in trade prior to 1709, in which year he built a house there. This same year he went down to Montreal and when ready to return to Detroit was refused the necessary permission, against which refusal he lodged a protest with the notary at Montreal. He subsequently returned to the western country and in 1726 he possessed, along with certain associates, a monopoly of the trade of Detroit. See Mich. Pio. Colls., XXIX, 275, and Wis. Hist. Colls., III, 169 ff.
29 Paul Louis d'asmard (Dazenard), Sieur de Lusignan, was born in 1691. In 1724 he was commissioned ensign in the colonial troops, lieutenant in 1735, and captain in 1744. From 1735 to 1739 he commanded at St. Joseph. He was among the Sioux in 1745; commanded Fort Frederic in 1755; Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga) in 1757-58; and Isle Aux Noix in 2759. See Wis. Hist. Colls., XVII, 259.
30 Pierre du Jaunay was born at Vannes in Brittany, August 11, 1704. He entered the Jesuit order in September, 1723, and in 1734 came out to Canada. He was in the Northwest the following year, and in 1738 was at St. Joseph. About the year 1744 he was transferred to the Ottawa mission at L'Arbre Croche and Mackinac. From 1752 to 1755 he was at Quebec recuperating his strength. He then returned to Mackinac as resident superior, where be remained until 1765. During Pontiac's war he exerted his influence to promote peace and to save the English captives. He died at Quebec, June 16, 1780.
31 The Hamelin family was long prominent at St. Joseph. The godfather of the present document may have been Louis Hamelin, native of Grondines, Canada, who married at Detroit, Feb. 27, 1718, Catherine Nepveu. See Denissen, op. cit. Hamelins were also prominent in the Illinois country, and one Jean Baptiste Hamelin led the detachment of La Balme's force which sacked St. Joseph in 1780.
32 Jean Baptiste de la Morinie was born at Perigueux, France, Oct. 24, 1704, and entered the Jesuit order in October, 1725. In 1738 he came to Canada and was soon sent to Detroit. He ministered at St. Joseph during most of the years from 1740 to 1760, and during a portion of the same period was also at St. Ignace. About the year 1761 he went to the Illinois and served for a time at Ste. Genevieve. On the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1764 he returned to France.
33 The godmother was seven years old, having been baptized at Mackinac, Jan. 1, 1734, at the age of one year. She married at Mackinac, Aug. 2, 1748, Jacques Bariso de la Marche. See entries in Wis. Hist. Colls., XVIII, 476 and XIX, 4.
34 In the original manuscript this entry has been written and then crossed out. George Par
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