THE OHIO VALLEY-GREAT LAKES ETHNOHISTORY
ARCHIVES: THE MIAMI COLLECTION
It is noted that the following work from the Miami Archives should be read and
considered within the historical context in which it was composed and printed.
The opinions expressed and the language used do not reflect the opinions or
standards of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, but are, rather,
indicative of thought in that historical moment during which the document was
published.
When the Miami Was
Called the Tawa
(Due to length divided here into three parts)
Bauman, Robert F. in: Northwest
Ohio Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII,
1955-56, pp. 60-87.
|
pp. |
|
|
|
|
|
(page 79) may be that when the village of Maumee was established in 1817 and given that name rather than "Miami" the end of latter appellative for the watercourse was predestined.
It would seem, however, that the era from 1780 to 1795 was the actual period during which the survival of the Miami terminology for the Maumee River was made questionable. On a map of the Northwest Territory produced by Samuel Lewis in 1796, the river is thusly designated: "R. Miami or Maumi of the Lakes."67 Perhaps this could be said to represent the beginning of the end of the application of the appellation "Miami" to that river.
It may be of interest to mention that a strong movement was made in 1855 by the leading citizens of Toledo to change the name of the Maumee River, Bay, and Valley to "Grand Rapids." Public sentiment, however, did not sanction the proposed change. One last effort was made a short time after this to revive the "Miami" appellation and have it replace that of "Maumee." However, this also failed. "Maumee" was here to stay.68
6. OTTAWAS MEMORIALIZE BY NUMEROUS
PLACE-NAMES BUT
NOT BY THEIR NATIVE RIVER IN OHIO.
The name "Ottawa" had found a place in many ways as a place-name in Ohio. The following have been named Ottawa: an Ohio county; a village in Putnam County (which was first called Ocquanoxa after the Ottawa chief of that name); a village in Lucas County; two townships, one in Allen County and another in Putnam County; three rivers, one in Lucas County, another in Allen County, and the third in Putnam County; a creek in Hancock County, and another in Delaware County; Ottawa is the obsolete name for Ten Mile Creek in Lucas County; and, Ottawa is an obsolete name for Glandorf, a village in Putnam County. The name "Ottawa" is likewise the name of numerous rivers, lakes, and places in other states and in Canada.
Prominent chiefs of the Ottawa tribe have also left their names to several Ohio towns and villages. These include Pontiac, in Huron County; Wauseon, in Fulton County; Bono, (page 80) in Lucas County; Charloe, in Paulding County; Ottokee, in Fulton County; Tontogany, in Wood County; and one which did not quite make it, Ogontz, the obsolete name for the city of Sandusky, Ohio. There is also a Tontogany Creek in Wood County, and several Turkeyfoot place-names.
Finally, the little hamlet called Tawawa, situated in Shelby County, and Tawawa Creek of the same county, are most probably derivatives of the "Ottawa -Tawa" appellations. This may be appreciated when considering the eighteenth century spelling of the tribal name by the English, viz. "Ottawawa" (Ot-Tawawa). Katotawa (Kat-Otawa) Creek in Ashland County may be a derivative of the Ottawa word.
The Ottawas have also left their tribal name to a great many places in North America (as well as names of Ottawa chiefs), as may be seen by the following observation of the Ottawa chief Joseph King:
The Ottawas have made their mark on the geography of the United States and Canada. Counties bearing the name of Ottawa are to be found in Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma, and in the Canadian Province Quebec, And towns by the same name are to be found in Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio. Oklahoma, and Wisconsin, while the capital city of the dominion of Canada is also called Ottawa. A bay, a beach, a lake, and a point or cape, all in Michigan bear the name of Ottawa. There is an Ottawa River in Canada and another in Ohio and there is a group of Ottawa islands in Hudson Bay. Finally, the name of the Ottawa tribe is born by the big Baptist University in Kansas, of which the tribe was a benefactor in its earlier days. Besides these the maps of Michigan and upper Canada are full of other names which have been derived from the Ottawa language.69
As this article has shown, the name, "Ottawa" and the term "Tawa" nearly succeeded in replacing the traditional "Miami" appellation for the Maumee River. But this was (page 81) not done. Although of little actual significance to this study, it may be of some interest to note that the land company which was authorized by Congress in 1891 to purchase lands from the descendants of the Maumee Valley Ottawas, then living in Oklahoma, made use of the tract purchased from the Ottawa Indians to establish a city which, strange to say, was named "Miami."
FOOTNOTES
1. Although there is no dispute in respect to the early application of the "Miami" appellation to the Maumee river, there is some doubt and confusion concerning the derivation of the word "Miami," and in respect to just when the term Maumee replaced Miami as the name for the river. The following references will demonstrate some of the confusion and show some of the prevailing views. According to Harvey Scribner, Memoirs of Lucas County and the City of Toledo (Madison, 1910), 1:70, "In the early histories and public documents pertaining to this region, the name Maumee appears as 'The Miami of the Lake,' that being the English translation of the name 'Miami due Lac,' as given on the old French maps." W. Vernon Kinietz, The Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615-1760 (Ann Arbor, 1940), 161, wrote that: "The derivation of the word 'Miami' is very uncertain. One conjecture is that it comes from the Chippewa word Omaumeg, which means 'people who live on the peninsula.' This seems very plausible since the first reference to the Miami in the literature gave their name as 'Oumamik.'" On the other hand, other writers have claimed that the word "Miami" is an Ottawa word meaning "mother;" Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (Cincinnati, 1902), 2:243; The Firelands Pioneer, New Series (Norwalk, Ohio, 1895), 8:60; Maria Ewing Martin, "Origin of Ohio Place Names," in Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications (Columbus, 1905), 14:274. According to Charles Edwin Hopkins, Ohio the Beautiful and Historic (Boston, 1931), 7, "The Maumee, which discharges into Lake Erie, was originally called the Miami-of-the- Lake. The word Maumee is simply a phonetic rendering of the Indian or Canadian-French pronounciation of Miami and was adopted to distinguish that stream from the more southerly ones of the same name. Some early accounts refer to the Maumee as the Ottawa River." Charles S. Van Tassel, in "The Story of a River," appearing in the Toledo Blade, March 25, 1940, stated that, "At the head of the Maumee, now Fort Wayne, was the Ottawa Indian Village of Kiskakon..." Kiskakon was the name given to Fort Wayne by Celeron in 1749, see: C. B. Galbreath, ed., Expedition of Celeron to the Ohio Country in 1749; and, O. H. Marshall, De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749 (Columbus, 1921), 104 note 19, and 128. R. S. Robertson, "Fort Wayne, Old Fort Miami, and the Route from the Maumee to the Wabash," in The American Antiquarian (1879), 2:125. John A. Smith, The History of Maumee, 1748-1926 (Toledo, 1926), 9, wrote: "From the earliest period the Miamis have been the leading and most influential tribe in the Miami Valley.... The word 'Miami' is said to signify Mother in the Ottawa language. The word 'Miami' was originally the designation of the tribe who anciently bore the name 'Tweetwees'. The word 'Maumee' is then a corruption of 'Omee-Aumiami.' " Also see: Northwest Ohio Quarterly (Toledo, 1934), Vol. 6, No. 3; John M. Killits, Toledo and Lucas County, Ohio, 1623-1923 (Chicago and Toledo, 1923), 1:16; and, Clark Waggoner, ed., History of the City of Toledo and Lucas County, Ohio (New York and Toledo, 1888), 1:32-33.
2. The Maumee and Sandusky Rivers were used by the Ottawas and other Indians attached to the French trading post at Detroit during the first half of the eighteenth century as routes for reaching the Ohio River Valley. Frequently Indian war parties traveled to the Ohio to engage in hostilities with the southern Indians living beyond that river. The use of these two waterways to the Ohio by the Detroit-centered Indians is described in a "Memoir on the Indians of Canada as far as the River Mississippi" (1718), in Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York, ed. by Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan (Albany, 1853-1887), 9:886. (This series will subsequently be referred to as N.Y.C.D.) It is evident from the punitive expedition made by a group at Ottawas from the Detroit region under (page 82) the leadership of the Ottawa chief Quinousake, that Ottawa Indians were dwelling Ohio Country in 1747. The Ottawas left Detroit in order to compel the "rebel" Hurons under their chief Nicolas to return from their Sandusky refuge, but Quinousake discovered that the Hurons had previously burned their cabins and fled to the Protection of the English. However, the Ottawas in Ohio had not left, and Quinousake reported that these Ottawas had given him a cool reception and only a portion of them consented to return to Detroit with him. The remainder of the Ottawas stated that they would settle at the lower end of the "Miamis River," where they were told the English would supply them with cheap goods. M. de Longueuil (1747), in "Paris Documents," N.Y.C.D., 10: 162.
3. In 1647 Paul Ragueneau, the Jesuit missionary, stated that of several Ottawa tribes, only one dwelt north of Lake Huron, while the others were dwelling south of that lake; Paul Ragueneau (Relation of 1647-1648), in Travels and explorations of the Jesuit missionaries in New France, 1610-1791, ed. by Reuben Gold Thwaites (Cleveland, 1896-1901), 33:149-153. (This series will subsequently be referred to as Jes. Rel.) The map of New France dated 1643 made by Jean Boisseau likewise designated the Ottawa (Cheveux Releves) dwelling along the northeastern shore of Lake Erie between the lake and Lakes Huron and St. Clair; Jes. Rel., Vol. 39, map. For evidence of Ottawas in the Detroit area in the 1690's and of activities of the Ottawas in that region, see: "Narrative of the Most Remarkable Occurrences in Canada" (1694, 1695), in "Paris Documents," N. Y. C. D. , 9:605-606, 608, 644-647; and, Robert F. Bauman, "The Belated Advocate of Ottawa Rights: Cha-no' Charloe the Speaker," in Northwest Ohio Quarterly (Toledo , 1954), 26:163-164, notes 29 and 30.
4. William M. Darlington, ed., An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Col. James Smith.... (Cincinnati, 1870), 51-52, 65, 69-75, 80-85. The account by James Smith may also be found in an abridged form in the Historical Collections of Ohio, by Henry Howe (Cincinnati, 1902), 2:580-590.
5. Journals of Major Robert Rogers (London, 1765), 214-215, 220. George Croghan, Journal of 1760-1761, in Early Western Travels, 1748-1846, ed. by Reuben Gold Thwaites (Cleveland, 1904), 1:112. Robert Rogers, A Concise Account of North America... (London, 1765), 239-243; Rogers wrote that the Ottawa chief Pontiac had stopped the English military detachment east of the Cuyahoga River and "demanded my business into his country, and how it happened that I dared to enter it without his leave?" After a conference with Rogers and Croghan, the Ottawas agreed to permit the English passage to Detroit. According to Rogers, the Ottawa chief "likewise sent to the several Indian towns on the south side and west side of Lake Erie, to inform them that I had his consent to come into the country."
6. Speech of Miamis and Ottawas to Mr. Tadot (1764) in The Papers of Sir William Johnson (Albany, 1921-1954), 11:192. (This series subsequently will be referred to as Johnson Papers.) Roche de Boeuf remained an Ottawa site throughout the eighteenth century and on into the nineteenth; Frederick W. Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (Washington, 1910), 2:393.
7. Henry Gladwin (1764), in Johnson Papers, 11:192.
8. Journal of Captain Thomas Morris (1764), in Early Western Travels, 1748-1846. ed. by Reuben Gold Thwaites (Cleveland, 1904), 1:303-315. Morris likewise identified the Ottawa village of "Roche de Bout;" Howard H. Peckham, Pontiac and the Indian Uprising (Princeton, 1947), 252-253.
9. Journal of George Croghan (1765), in Early Western Travels, op. cit., 1:151, 157-158. (Italics are the author's)
10. "The Road from Detroit to the Illinois," (1774), in Documents Relating to the French Settlements on the Wabash, ed. by Jacob Piatt Dunn, in Indiana Historical Society Publications (Indianapolis, 1895), 2:435. This document also appears in Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections (Lansing, 1887-1916), 10:247-248. (This series will subsequently be referred to as M. P. & H. C.)
11. Emilius O. Randall, History of Ohio, the Rise and Progress of an American State (New York, 1912), 2:139, 164-165. It was stated that Shegenaba was a son of the Ottawa chief Pontiac. At the council held at Fort Pitt in 1775 Shegenaba delivered a speech to the commissioners which deserves a place among the growing list of recognized Indian speeches representing the finest of Indian oratory. This speech may be found in American Archives, Fourth Series, 3:1542-1543.
12. George Imlay evidenced the presence of Ottawa Indians in the Maumee River Valley in 1793: "The Tawas are found eighteen miles up the Maumee or Omee River, which empties into Lake Erie. There is a small tribe of Tawas settled at a place called the Rapids, some distance higher up the river than the former;" A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America .... (London, 1793), 371. This was also shown by the Journal of a Merchant of Quebec, J. L., published by the Society of Colonial Wars of the State of Michigan (Detroit, 1911), 38-40. Also see: Thomas Hutchins, A Topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina, ed. by Frederick Charles Hicks (Cleveland, 1904), 136-137; and, Journal of Alexander McKee, by his clerk Thomas Duggan (1793), in The Correspondence of John Graves Simcoe..., ed. by E. A. Cruikshank (Toronto, 1923), 2:126-129. The McKee journal is also printed in M. P. & H. C., 12:104-109. In a letter to Hector McLean, written in 1799, Thomas McKee referred to the "Ottawas from Pointe aux Chene & the Rapids of the Miami River;" in M. P. & H. C, 20:651-652. In the same year, Israel Ludlow informed Rufus Putnam of his efforts to arrange a council with the Ottawas from the Auglaize-Blanchard Rivers area; Clarence E. Carter, ed., The Territorial Papers of the United States, The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, 1787-1803 (Washington, 1934), 3:59, 617. (This series will subsequently be referred to as the Territorial Papers.) For additional evidence of Ottawas occupying the Maumee River Valley during the last quarter of the eighteenth century, see: M. P. & H. C., 12:105-108, 176-177, 10:646, 648-649, 651, 20:571, 23:399, 40:139-143, 193-196, 222, and 23:47-60. Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (Cincinnati, 1902), provides a wealth of information about and references to Ottawa locations in the Maumee River region. Some of the more productive references are as follows: 1:299-300, 302-303, 662-663; 2:152-153, 464, 846, 859, 861.
13. Innumerable spelling variations for the name of the Ottawa Indians may be found in seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century documents relative to the Great Lakes Indians. The Ottawas were known as Outaouacs or Outaoaus to the French, as Waganhaes or Dowaganhaes to the Iroquois, as Ottowawaes or Ottawawas to the English, and to the Americans as Ottawas or Tawas. Of course each of the above named appellations carried with it a great variety of spelling variations. A tabulation of the various Ottawa appellations may be found in the following; Frederick W. Hodge, op. cit., 2:171-172; and, John R. Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America (Washington, 1953), 244. For examples of the various French appellations, see generally: Jesuit Relations; "Cadillac Papers," in M. P. & H. C., vols. 33 & 34; and, "Paris Documents," in N. Y. C. D., vols. 9 & 10. Examples of the English appellations may be found by consulting generally: "London Documents," in N. Y. C. D., vols. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8. These sources likewise include numerous examples of the appellations utilized by the lroquois~ The use of Ottawa and Tawa during the eighteenth century and early part of the nineteenth century was quite general, and examples may be found in practically every documentary source relating to Indian affairs and American treaty conferences and negotiations during those years. Besides the variations of the Ottawa nation name, viz. Outaouacs (French), Waganhaes (Iroquois), and Ottawawa (English), there also existed, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, several specific tribal designations, or Gens; the four most common being the Kishkakon (Bear Gens), the Sinago (Gray or Black Squirrel Gens), the Sable (Land People), and the Nassauaketon (Fork People). To these may be added a fifth, although not so common as the other four, which was the Keinouche (Pickerel Gens). For evidence of these, see: Frederick W. Hodge, op. cit., 1: 703-704, 813, 683; 2:35, 170, 227, 244, 400, 574; John R. Swanton, op. cit., 244; W. Vernon Kinietz, The Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615-1760 (Ann Arbor, 1940), 227; George T. Hunt, The Wars of the Iroquois (Madison, 1940), 49; Howard H. Peckham, op. cit., 83; and, Gabriel Dreuillettes (Relation of 16571658), in Jes. Rel., 44:245-257.
14. American State Papers; Documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States.... (Washington, 1832-1861), Indian Affairs, 1:354. (This Series will subsequently be referred to as American State Papers.) The following information was furnished by Charles Thompson, Secretary of Congress, and published in Thomas Jefferson's "Notes on Virginia" in 1782, and appears to be an epitome of the knowledge then possessed by publicists as to the Indians of the region of country lying north and west of Virginia: "Of the rest of the northern tribes, I have never been able to learn anything certain; but all accounts seem to agree to this: that there is a very powerful nation distinguished by a variety of names from the several towns or families, but commonly called Tawas or Outawas, who speak one language and live round and on the waters that fall into the western lakes, and extend from the waters of the Ohio quite to the waters falling into Hudson bay." Report on Indians Taxed and Indians Not Taxed in the United States, 11th Census, 1890, Department of the Interior, Census Office (Washington, 1894), 29-30. (Italics are the author's)
15. Louis C. Karpinski, Bibliography of the Printed Maps of Michigan.... (Lansing, 1931) , Plate IXI (Lewis Evans' map), 177, (John Fitch map).
16. Robert F. Bauman, "The Migration of the Ottawa Indians from the Maumee Valley to Walpole Island," in Northwest Ohio Quarterly (Toledo, 1949), 21:108-109, and, "The Belated Advocate of Ottawa Rights; Cha-no: Charloe the Speaker," in Northwest Ohio Quarterly (Toledo, 1954), 26:151.
17. Frederick W. Hodge, op. cit., 1:852-854. John R. Swanton, op. cit., 237. One example, among a great many, showing both the use of the term "Twightwee" for the Miami Indians and the term "Taws" for the Ottawas, is the following reference from the diary of David Zeisberger for the year 1788. "From the Delawares in Gigeyunk (Fort Wayne) we likewise hear good news.... The Twightwees [Miamis], Tawas [Ottawas], and others have this spring given the Delawares land, from the Miami [Maumee] to the Wabash, so that now again they have their own land to live on." Eugene F. Bliss, ed., Diary of David Zeisberger (Cincinnati, 1885), 1:429.
18. Henry Howe, op. cit., 2:243. The Firelands Pioneer, New Series (Norwalk, Ohio 1895), 8:60. Maria Ewing Martin, "Origin of Ohio Place Names," in Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications (Columbus, 1905), 14:274. John A. Smith, op. cit., 9. Memoirs on the Indians of Canada as far as the River Mississippi with remarks on their manners and trade, 1718, in "Paris Documents" N. Y. C. D., 9:886.
19. Jedediah Morse, A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States, on Indian Affairs.... (New Haven, Conn., 1822), Appendix, 93.
20. Eugene F. Bliss, ed., Diary of David Zeisberger (Cincinnati, 1885), 1:32-33. (Italics are the author's)
21. Ibid., 1:44. (Italics are the suthar's)
22. Ibid., 1:32-33, 44, 87, 96, 195, 275-276, 310, 320, 332, 354, 359, 360, 370-371, 373, ("Tawa or Ottawa River" - 1877), 429, 437-440, 446, 453, 456-457, 462-463; 2:26-32, 39-40, 66, 83-84, 108 ("Tawa River" - 1790). 114-120, 122 ("Tawa River" - 1790), 124, 126, 134-136, 142-143, 148, 153-156, 183-186 ("Tawa River" - 1791). 192, 196-198, 201 ("Tawa River" - 1791), 227, 268, 278-279, 321 ("Tawa River" - 1792). 372. For information concerning the "Tawa" chief Au-goosh-away referred to so frequently by the Moravians and by David Zeisberger, see Robert F. Bauman, "Pontiac's Successor; The Ottawa Au-goosh-away (E Gouch-e-ouay)," in Northwest Ohio Quarterly (Toledo, 1953-1954), 26.8-38.
23. James Wickes Taylor, History of the State of Ohio, 1650-1787 (Cincinnati, 1854), 358.
24. Arent De Peyster and Alexander McKee (1782), in M. P. & H. C., 10:646, 648-649, 651. J. Watts de Peyster, ed., Miscellanies by an Officer. Arent Schuyler De Peyster.... (New York, 1888), XXXVI.
25. William Henry Smith, ed., The Life and Public Service of Arthur St. Clair ... with his Correspondence and Other Papers (Cincinnati, 1882), 2:9-12. (This series will subsequently be referred to as The St. Clair Papers) (Italics are the author's)
26. Milo Quaife, ed., The John Askin Papers (Detroit, 1928), 1:210.
27. Louis C. Karpinski, op. cit., 177.
28. The John Askin Papers, op. cit., 1:173-174.
29. St. Clair Papers, op. cit., 2:40, 43. (Italics are the author's) Territorial Papers, Northwest Territory, op. cit., 2:89.
30. St. Clair Papers, op. cit., 2:50-51. (Italics are the author's) Territorial Papers, Northwest Territory, op. cit., 2:126.
31. St. Clair Papers, op. cit., 2:64. (Italics are the author's)
32. Territorial Papers, Northwest Territory, op. cit., 2:127.
33. Narrative of Thomas Rhea (1791), in American State Papers, Indian Affairs, 1:196. (Italics are the author's)
34. Rowena Buell, ed., The Memoirs of Rufus Putnam and Certain Official Papers and Correspondence (Boston and New York, 1903), 251-253.
35. Ibid., 269-271. (Italics are the author's)
36. Ibid., 274-275. (Italics are the author's)
37. Ibid., 280-290.
38. Ibid., 291, 292-296, 299-300, 305. Rufus Putnam (1792), in American Store Papers, Indian Affairs, op. cit., 2:238-239. Rufus Putnam (1791), in Territorial Papers, Northwest Territory, op. cit., 2:338.
39. William May (1792), in American State Papers, Indian Affairs, op. cit., 1:243-244. (Italics are the author's)
40. James Wilkinson (1793), in Wayne Papers, microfilm collection, Ohio State Museum Library (Columbus, Ohio), vol. 29, pt. 2, no. 39. The Wayne manuscript papers are in the collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. (Italics are the author's)
41. Frazer E. Wilson, ed., The Journal of Captain Daniel Bradley (Greenville, Ohio, 1935), 76.
42. Richard C. Knopf, ed., "Two Journals of the Kentucky Volunteers 1793 and 1794," in The Filson Club History Quarterly (Louisville, Kentucky, 1953), 27:263. (Italics are the author's)
43. Ibid., 27:261, 263. 264, 267, 270. (Italics are the author's)
44. Dwight L. Smith, ed., "From Greene Ville to Fallen Timbers," in Indiana Historical Society Publications (Indianapolis, 1952), 16:268-269. (Italics are the author's)
45. Ibid., 271. (Italics are the author's)
46. Ibid., 272-273. (Italics are the author's)
47. Milo M. Quaife, ed., "General James Wilkinson's Narrative of the Fallen Timbers Campaign," in Mississippi Valley Historical Review (Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1929), 1681-90. (Italics are the author's)
48. "Captain John Cooke's Journal of General Wayne's Campaign in 1794 and 1795," in American Historical Record (Philadelphia, 1873), 2:311-316, 339-345. (Italics are the author's)
49. "John Armstrong's Journal," in Pioneer Biography, by James McBride (Cincinnati, 1869), 1:118-122.
50. John Boyer, A Journal of Wayne's Campaign (Cincinnati, 1866), 5-7. This journal was also printed in the American Pioneer, 1:315-322, 351-357.
51. Journal of Thomas Taylor Underwood ..., published by the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Ohio (Cincinnati, 1945), 17-19.
52. Richard C. Knopf, ed., A Precise Journal of General Wayne's Last Campaign (Worcester, Massachusetts, 1955), 14-15. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society for October 1954.
53. Ibid., 22, 24, 25.
54. Richard C. Knopf, ed., "Wayne's Western Campaign: The Wayne-Knox Correspondence 1793-1794," in The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, (Philadelphia, 1954), 78:322.
55. Ibid., 430, 442.
56. Richard C. Knopf, ed., Campaign into the Wilderness: The Wayne-Knox-Pickering-McHenry Correspondence (Columbus, 1955), 1:10, 12, 43, 47, 48. Documents from the Wayne Collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
57. Christopher Miller (1795), in Wayne Papers, op. cit., vol., 29, pt. 2, no. 39. (Italics are the author's)
58. Samuel Lewis, Map of the Northwest Territory (1796), in William L. Clements Library (Ann Arbor, Michigan). Israel Ludlow and Rufus Putnam (1799), in Territorial Papers, Northwest Territory, op. cit., 3:59, 61. Ottawa River is presently a principal tributary of the Auglaize River, and travels through Allen County; Henry Howe, op. cit., 1.245; 2:464; and, Charles C. Royce, Indian Land Cessions in the United States (Washington, 1899), 18th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896-1897, part 2, Ohio (Detail) map, No. 50.
59. E. A. Cruikshank and A. F. Hunter, eds., The Correspondence of the Honourable Peter Russell.... (Toronto, 1932), 1:178.
60. There are a great number of documents during the first three decades of the eighteenth century showing this. A few of the better sources are as follows; American State Papers, Indian Affairs, op. cit., 2:13. 131-135, 365, 400-404, 450, 459, 524, 674. Territorial Papers, Michigan Territory, op. cit., 10:63-64, 243. M. P. & H. C., 40:58-59, 193-196, 222. Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 2:20-21. By far the greatest quantity of documents of this period showing the general adherence to the "Miami of Lake Erie" terminology may be found in the Records of the Interior Department, Office of Indian Affairs, National Archives (Washington, D. C.).
61. Manuscript diary of Reverend Cutting Marsh, Maumee, Ohio, 1829-1830 (Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, Madison). (Italics are the author's)
62. Memorial of the Chiefs of the Ottawa Nation of Indians in the Miami of the Lake, October 30, 1828, in George Ironside Papers (Burton Historical Collections, Detroit).
63. Henry Howe, op. cit., 2:605.
64. Robert F. Bauman, "The Migration of the Ottawa Indians from the Maumee Valley to Walpole Island," in Northwest Ohio Quarterly (Toledo, 1949), 21:88.
65. Johnston to Daniel Drake, Upper Piqua, December 14, 1831, in the Papers of John Johnston, Draper Collection (Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, Madison).
66. George B. Porter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, February 18, 1833; Lewis Cass to Thomas L. Kenney, August 10, 1830; Receipt from Ottawas to L. T. Lloyd, July 25, 1829, and receipt of September 30, 1830; among man other similar documents in the Records of the Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, National Archive (Washington, D. C.).
67. A Reproduction of this map appears in The Maumee Valley through Fifty Years, 1763-1813, Bulletin No. 33 of the William L. Clements Library (Ann Arbor, 1950); and, appears also on the cover of Fifty Ohio Rarities: 1653-1802, Bulletin No. 42 of the same depositary, and published in 1953.
68. John A. Smith, op. cit., 9-10. Harvey Scribner, op. cit., 1:70. John M. Killits, op. cit., 1:16.
69. This is an excerpt from a statement secured in October, 1913 from Joseph Badger King by Joseph B. Thoburn, an instructor in the Department of History, University of Oklahoma.
Return to
TOC, p. 11
Continue
to next part of Miami Collection
[return to Miami
Collection Menu]
[return to Glenn A. Black
Laboratory of Archaeology List of Publications]
[return to Glenn A. Black
Laboratory of Archaeology Home]
Last updated: 27
November 2000
URL: http://www.gbl.indiana.edu/home.html
Comments: webmaster@www.gbl.indiana.edu
Copyright 1996, Glenn Black Laboratory of Archaeology and The Trustees of Indiana University